建筑和建筑物的防火

One of the first projects I was 上 the architect asked us if the 防火 material was installed in the movie theatre. Because I was new I had no idea was this crucial element to the building life safety systems were. So what exactly is 防火 and how is it used in 施工?

通过我的调查，我发现止火可以是安装在墙壁，天花板和地板的接缝中的一系列材料，这些材料具有防火等级，可以减缓整个建筑物的火势蔓延。

防火的形式多种多样，因此，让我们直接回顾一下发现的地方，材料的类型，详细程度以及实际用途。

在哪里可以找到建筑物的防火措施？

在建筑物内的许多不同位置都可以找到防火措施。可以发现灭火的最常见位置包括：

• 地板之间的水平间隙（即伸缩缝处）
• 贯穿服务的防火墙的穿透力
• 围绕门框
• 防火墙的顶部和底部
• 防火井壁中的接缝

These are just a few of the examples of where it can be found. The important thing to remember is that any time there is a room that requires a fire rating 防火 is most likely present to seal any of the cracks and openings going in and out of the room.

如何识别需要的位置？

识别建筑物中需要在哪些地方应用灭火的一种简便方法是查看火隔离计划。不知道什么是火隔离计划？

防火隔离计划通常由建筑师制定，并根据建筑规范定义防火墙的位置。通过在平面图上突出显示分隔和所需的等级，可以识别分隔和所需的等级。

通过查看哪些分区具有防火等级，您可以轻松地确定哪些墙和平板需要防火以确保防火等级的持续。

阻火做什么？

防火被认为是建筑物中被动防火的一种形式。这样做的目的是通过将整个房间的火势控制在一个房间内来帮助降低它的火速。 但是，这到底是什么意思，以及如何完成？

The materials used in the assembly are all governed 通过 UL / ULC laboratories in both Canada and the USA. Products going into the assembly need to be designed together (ie insulation and sealant material) and must be tested to provide the rating. Because materials melt at different levels it’s important that they be selected and designed to survive in high temperatures.

根据 消防承包商国际协会 未评级的建筑物中的材料开始以300华氏度熔化。通过引入新材料，它有助于减缓火势的蔓延。

防火系统中常用的材料

防火组件已由世界各地的公司设计。其中一些是特殊产品，另一些则是将产品组合成一个组件的组合。

一种最常见的防火组件类型是在型腔空间中安装额定等级的矿棉，以阻止火势蔓延，并在分隔件的两侧安装烟封。 Mineral wool insulation does not melt until around a temperature of 1000 degrees farenheit (compare that to the 300 noted above). By applying the 烟封 to both sides of the penetration you ensure it is always in tact 上 the opposite side of the wall of the fire.

许多提供防火材料的公司都会为您设计产品，并提供符合其设计的可视化安装指南。举个例子 - USG主要干墙供应商之一提供了包含详细信息的目录 关于如何密封管道穿入孔，墙壁的顶部和底部以及许多其他常见的施工情况。尽管这不是必需条件，但它旨在帮助团队简化其现场工作。

防火的其他示例包括更多的模块产品，这些产品经过设计和设计，可以在某些情况下安装，而无需进行复杂的安装。

伸缩缝– 市场上已有预制的额定伸缩缝。这些橡胶组件无需简单的绝缘和烟封即可安装在接头中。 例如，Emseal提供了这些。

电缆穿透 – rather than install a custom joint around cables or pipes vendors have started providing manufactured products that can be installed 上 partitions to provide an equivalent rating. While these products are typically much more expensive they do provide an ease of installation and cleanliness. 喜利得（Hilti）有许多不同的电缆穿入度。

这只是两个例子，市场上有数百种产品可用于许多不同的应用。一个简单的谷歌搜索或询问行业专家将帮助您发现它们。

防火材料是什么？

Firestopping is typically made up of materials that have a strong fire resistance and burn slowly (or not at all). Firestopping is typically made up of cement based products, intumescent containing products, putties (for binding), non combustible fibres, and rubber compounds.

防火检查要求

由于防火的重要性，并且它是建筑物内防火系统的一部分，因此在完成和/或掩盖工作之前必须对系统进行检查和测试，这一点很重要。

The first step in the process is that the location of all joints is defined and designed 通过 Local, State and National building codes. Other associations such as the NFPA (National Fire Protection Association) also have guidlines with respect to the design of assemblies.

Once that’s been completed it’s important to select products which are designed in accordance with industry standards. The products must comply with UL and ULC standards (in North America). Each product must be tested to ensure conformance. Prior to application you need to ensure that your products aren’t expired.

As we I noted above – assemblies are designed 通过 companies and certified 通过 the ULC. That being said you may run into instances where a typical design just doesn’t work. I had this occur 上 a past project – the expansion joint was an atypical design. When this occurs you may need to engage an engineer to prepare an engineering judgement for you.

什么是工程判断？

Through my project experience I have required a number of these. An engineering judgement is where a typical assembly design does not exist. Because your specific application is unique an engineer will review existing assemblies and materials and prepare a detail or proposal for you that meets the code requirements of your site specific design.

由于工程判断对于您的项目是唯一的，因此建筑部门可能需要一份副本。确保您保留一份副本。

Once you’ve completed the work, you’ll need to ensure your local building inspector is reviewing the 防火 application. If the work is behind drywall you’ll want to bring them in before you close the wall. If the application is out in the open you can bring them in at a regular interval to inspect the work prior to turnover of the building.

Besides the building inspector, you may want to bring in a manufacturer representative to ensure that the application is in conformance with their details. This ensures that in the event of an incident and / or product failure the applicator cannot be blamed.

给承包商和防火的提示

对于希望确保其项目涵盖防火工作范围的承包商，有一些一般性提示：

• 授予工作范围时，应在行业工作范围内通过墙壁和楼板进行防火。例如，水管工应负责自己的防火和烟封。
• 将杂项防火费用留作备用。在任何需要的项目中都会遗漏一些细节，并且在图纸上没有注明。最好保留少量津贴来解决这些问题。
• 聘请已知的承包商-寻找快速且提供优质服务的承包商就像寻找黄金。当您找到一个时，请确保将其保留在rolodex中，并在项目中使用它们。
• 对在项目早期阶段完成的防火工作进行审查。这样一来，您就不会尽早关闭墙，并且要花很多时间才能重新添加墙。
• 保留一份来自CGC或UGC的典型止火细节目录，并定期检查行业以确保它们符合标准细节。
• 定期带您的建筑检查员，并让他们检查工作。这样一来，他们可以更轻松地了解自己在做什么，并有助于及早发现主要问题。
• 如果您对如何安装灭火装置感兴趣，请在我们的其他文章之一中观看精彩的视频。

关于此工作范围，还有许多其他很好的建议。但是，最重要的实际上只是要注意防火的细节，不要忽略它。

包装（从字面上看）

Firestopping is a critical part of any project and requires attention to ensure it is both captured within a trades scope and installed properly in the correct locations. Make sure that you pay attention to the 防火 details 上 your next 施工 project!

防火措施如何应用于您的项目？请在下面的评论中让我们知道，并包括所有经验教训。